Alemania comienza a desarrollar el concepto de Cuarta Revolución Industrial (4RI) e industria 4.0, desde al año 2013 y lo presenta oficialmente al mundo en el Foro Económico Mundial 2016 (en Davos-Klosters), de la mano de Klaus Schwab. En su libro, La Cuarta Revolución Industrial, el profesor Schwab, fundador y presidente ejecutivo del Foro Económico Mundial, describe cómo esta cuarta revolución es fundamentalmente diferente de las tres anteriores, que se caracterizaron principalmente por los avances en tecnología.
La primera revolución industrial marcó el paso de la producción manual a la mecanizada, entre 1760 y 1830. La segunda, alrededor de 1850, trajo la electricidad y permitió la manufactura en masa. Para la tercera hubo que esperar a mediados del siglo XX, con la llegada de la electrónica, la tecnología de la información y las telecomunicaciones.
El concepto 4RI tiene su origen en la estrategia de alta tecnología del gobierno alemán, para llevar su producción a una total independencia de la mano de obra humana (la fábrica inteligente), que define seis campos prioritarios: economía y sociedad digital, energía sostenible, entornos innovadores para el trabajo, vida saludable, movilidad inteligente y seguridad civil.
Sin embargo, el proceso de transformación, desde la perspectiva de la Industria 4.0, sólo beneficia a quienes sean capaces de innovar y adaptarse, en contraposición a la mirada inclusiva del modelo Sociedad 5.0 (que implica no dejar nadie atrás), apoyada en las tecnologías.
Esa mirada inclusiva, centrada en el ser humano, para crear un nuevo tipo de sociedad inteligente, es la que propone el gobierno de Japón. Sus orígenes hay que encontrarlos en el contexto de la Iniciativa para la Revolución Robótica en Japón de 2015-2016, una respuesta a lo que se estaba pensando en Europa, especialmente en Alemania con su Industria 4.0, y China con su estrategia Made in China 2025.
El concepto de Sociedad 5.0 surgió por primera vez en 2015 en el marco del 5º Plan Básico de Ciencia y Tecnología para 2016-2021, y fue impulsado por la Oficina del Gabinete del primer ministro, Shinzo Abe, que la presentó al mundo en la feria CeBIT de Hannover de 2017, y de Keidanren, la Federación Empresarial japonesa.
La Sociedad 5.0 nace como una declaración del Gobierno japonés, a partir de la cual se trata de adaptar la industria, la economía y la cultura para lograr los objetivos planteados. Una forma de hacerlo es alineando las acciones y los objetivos de la Sociedad 5.0 con los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD), definidos como “un llamado universal para poner fin a la pobreza, proteger el planeta y garantizar que todas las personas gocen de paz y prosperidad para 2030” (PNUD, 2020)
Esto implica, fortalecer una red de intercambio de información y de conocimiento, promoviendo entre las organizaciones una manera distinta de gestionar, trabajar y relacionarse con las personas, exigiendo nuevas capacidades a los líderes para afrontar los retos venideros. Impulsar el crecimiento de las organizaciones y su adaptación a la nueva realidad, llena de incertidumbres y cambios acelerados, requiere contar con líderes que ayuden a impulsar ese crecimiento y que asuman el reto del cambio y la transformación.
También es fundamental poner al ser humano y su bienestar integral, en equilibrio con su entorno y ecosistemas, para poder alcanzar la meta propuesta por este modelo de Sociedad 5.0 (la sociedad inteligente), no solo desde el punto de vista tecnológico, sino también desde la inteligencia emocional y social. Ser capaces de tomar decisiones efectivas y ajustadas a los cambios del entorno, con creatividad y flexibilidad, estableciendo el bien común por encima del individual, sin perder el foco en la sostenibilidad.
La Sociedad 5.0 está enmarcada en la Cuarta Revolución Industrial, que trae consigo desarrollos tecnológicos (hiperconectividad, adopción masiva de las tecnologías, internet de las cosas (IOT), la inteligencia artificial, entre otras), que replantean las dinámicas sociales, generando inquietudes y miedos, incrementando brechas y desigualdades, que deben ser atendidas. Ese es el principal desafío para que este nuevo modelo paradigmático pase de ser solo una mirada utópica y se convierta en un referente a seguir.
Hasta el momento, la tecnología ha sido un fin, pero ahora se empieza a replantear como medio para alcanzar el bienestar de las personas, una evolución de las formas de trabajo. Empresas, universidades y gobierno avanzando hacia modelos de trabajo colaborativos, asumiendo los grandes retos de la transformación digital, a través de un ecosistema integrado, con una visión compartida del futuro creada con la participación de todas las partes interesadas. El objetivo es lograr una sociedad donde cualquiera pueda crear valor en cualquier momento y en cualquier lugar, en seguridad y armonía con la naturaleza y libre de varias de las restricciones que existen actualmente.
Serán necesarios principios y valores sólidos, sabiduría y ética, para enfrentar a la desbordada capacidad tecnológica y direccionar en favor de la humanidad, sobrepasando los intereses personales y haciendo brillar los intereses colectivos. Adaptación, flexibilidad y capacidad de trabajar en medio del caos y la diversidad, para dar respuestas rápidas, que generen valor, promoviendo la innovación y respuestas creativas a las nuevas exigencias planetarias.
Para lograr el objetivo inicial de la Sociedad 5.0 de equilibrar la calidad de vida de las personas gracias a los potenciales disponibles de las tecnologías emergentes de una Industria 4.0, requiere un cambio de paradigma individual, que he llamado el Pensamiento 4.0 (ver Ebook), un modelo que internaliza los aspectos lógicos y pragmáticos del concepto 4RI, partiendo de un proceso de cambio en el modelo educativo mundial, para poder generar un nuevo talento que asuma las riendas del cambio, social, cultural y productivo.
Ese cambio de pensamiento individual y colectivo, incorporando el nuevo modelo de Pensamiento 4.0, es el que puede generar un nuevo hacer, más sustentable, para lograr un progreso económico más sano y sensibilizado hacia la resolución de problemas sociales y ambientales, que nos permita evolucionar hacia una sociedad más inteligente (emocional y tecnológicamente equilibrada), que ponga al bienestar humano y planetario por delante de los alcances productivos de la Industria 4.0. Para lograr una transición exitosa hacia una Sociedad 5.0, además de la transformación digital, es necesario que ésta sea llevada a cabo de forma coherente, equitativa, incluyente y sustentable.
Desde tu perspectiva y espacios de acción ¿Qué estas haciendo para avanzar en este proceso de transición? Si quieres apoyo para abordar los retos de la transformación digital, con enfoque tecnológico, sostenibilidad y equilibrio emocional, te invito a contactarme.
Te escucho, te abrazo y te acompaño.
Florinda Pargas Gabaldón
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