“O COVID-19 não é apenas um problema de saúde, pode também ser um vírus que agrava a xenofobia, o ódio e a exclusão. Existem relatos de violência física sofrida por chineses e asiáticos; discurso de ódio que culpa minorias, como ciganos e hispânicos, pela disseminação do vírus; e de políticos que exigem que os imigrantes não tenham acesso a serviços médicos. Tudo mostra que os Estados devem enfatizar com urgência que os direitos humanos de todos, especialmente dos mais vulneráveis e marginalizados, devem ser protegidos. –Fernand de Varennes, Relator Especial das Nações Unidas para as Minorias.
A função essencial dos Direitos Humanos (DDHH) é proteger os cidadãos de qualquer ação do Estado que possa violar sua integridade física, moral, econômica ou cultural. Eles foram divulgados pela primeira vez na Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos promovida pelas Nações Unidas em 1948, logo após o fim da Segunda Guerra Mundial, como forma de evitar que as injustiças cometidas durante a guerra se repetissem.
Os direitos humanos são garantias consagradas de forma universal e inalienável para todas as pessoas desde o nascimento, independentemente da raça, nacionalidade ou religião e são regidos por convenções e tratados que obrigam os Estados aderentes a cumpri-los. Os direitos fundamentais são as garantias consagradas para todos os cidadãos ou residentes de um país e estão enquadrados na constituição e nas leis locais.
A diferença entre direitos humanos e direitos fundamentais é que os direitos humanos são universais por natureza (protegem todos os indivíduos), portanto, não dependem dos Estados e, por serem de âmbito internacional, vão além das disposições da constituição ou leis. leis de um país, por isso são obrigatórias.
Se cada uma das garantias que os líderes mundiais tem assinado em nosso nome fossem cumpridas, nossas vidas seriam pacíficas, seguras, confortáveis e saudáveis; nossos sistemas jurídicos seriam mais justos, equitativos e protetores dos mais vulneráveis e nossos processos políticos seriam transparentes e democráticos, voltados para os interesses do povo.
Então, o que há de errado? Uma das coisas que torna o sistema inoperante é que a liderança política mundial costuma tomar atalhos, com os interesses individuais prevalecendo sobre os coletivos. Por isso é tão importante conhecer nossos direitos e saber exatamente quais são as promessas que eles tem feito em nosso nome e começar a garantir que sejam cumpridos.
No caso dos direitos humanos, conhecer a fundo os acordos e compromissos firmados permite-nos exigir o seu cumprimento e execução. No meu caso particular, como migrante venezuelana, é imprescindível conhecer os novos direitos relacionados a esta questão, com ênfase naqueles que enfocam as vulnerabilidades das mulheres, crianças e populações excluídas.
A lista de direitos humanos reconhecidos internacionalmente não permaneceu inalterada. Durante os mais de 60 anos de existência da Declaração dos Direitos Humanos, os novos tratados e documentos esclareceram e desenvolveram alguns dos conceitos básicos estabelecidos neste documento original.
Essas incorporações foram o resultado de uma série de fatores: elas ocorrem em parte em resposta a mudanças nas ideias sobre dignidade humana e em parte como resultado de novas ameaças e oportunidades que surgem. No caso da nova categoria que foi proposta como direitos de terceira geração, estes foram consequência de uma compreensão mais aprofundada dos diferentes tipos de obstáculos que podem se interpor à concretização dos direitos de primeira e segunda geração.
A base em que se baseia a terceira geração dos direitos humanos é a solidariedade e a ideia de que esses direitos abrangem outros grupos da sociedade e dos povos, como o direito ao desenvolvimento sustentável, à paz ou a um meio ambiente saudável. Em grande parte do mundo, as condições de extrema pobreza, guerra, desastres ecológicos e naturais significaram que apenas um progresso muito limitado foi feito em relação aos direitos humanos.
Os direitos específicos mais frequentemente que se incluem na categoria de terceira geração são os direitos ao desenvolvimento, à paz, a um meio ambiente saudável, à participação na exploração do patrimônio comum da humanidade, à comunicação e à assistência humanitária. Estas estão intimamente relacionadas às lacunas e desigualdades sociais que levam as populações a migrar de seu território, gerando a atual crise migratória, que tem sido agravada pela pandemia da covid-19.
As Nações Unidas geraram declarações importantes, chama a atenção permanente, preocupadas com como os direitos humanos podem ser afetados pela crise do coronavírus, destacando a urgência de os países enfrentarem a pandemia com uma abordagem mais cooperativa, global e baseada nos direitos humanos. O Secretário-Geral das Nações Unidas, António Guterres, tem qualificado esta pandemia como “uma crise humana”.
“Sem dúvida, devemos combater o vírus pelo bem da humanidade, com foco nas pessoas. Em particular nas pessoas mais afetadas: mulheres, idosos, jovens, trabalhadores precários, pequenas e médias empresas, sector informal e grupos de risco”, sublinhou o Secretário-Geral, António Guterres, durante a pandemia.
Gênero e direitos humanos: mais lacunas, mais desigualdade, maior indiferença.
O respeito pelos direitos humanos das mulheres tem sido uma luta de muitas organizações, de mulheres e homens, com um único objetivo: alcançar as mudanças necessárias para que as mulheres exerçam seus direitos fundamentais. Essas demandas estão incorporadas aos instrumentos internacionais da Convenção sobre a Eliminação de Todas as Formas de Discriminação contra a Mulher (CEDAW, 1979-1981) e seu Protocolo Facultativo; a Conferência Mundial sobre Direitos Humanos (Viena, 1993); a Conferência Internacional sobre População e Desenvolvimento (Cairo, 1994), a Convenção Interamericana para Prevenir e Erradicar a Violência (1994, Brasil), a Conferência Mundial contra o Racismo, Discriminação Racial, Xenofobia e Formas Relacionadas de Intolerância (Durban, 2001) , entre outros.
Na Conferência Mundial sobre Direitos Humanos em Viena, a comunidade internacional declarou que os direitos das mulheres também são direitos humanos e que: “os direitos das mulheres e das meninas são uma parte inalienável, integral e indivisível dos direitos humanos universais”.
A Declaração do Milênio afirma que “direitos e oportunidades iguais para homens e mulheres devem ser garantidos”; além disso, todos os Estados são chamados a: “promover a igualdade de gênero e o empoderamento das mulheres, como formas eficazes de combater a pobreza, a fome e as doenças e de estimular um desenvolvimento verdadeiramente sustentável”; “Combater todas as formas de violência contra as mulheres e implementar a Convenção sobre a Eliminação de Todas as Formas de Discriminação contra as Mulheres”.
O Fundo de População das Nações Unidas (UNFPA) observa que os surtos de doenças afetam homens e mulheres de maneiras diferentes e que as pandemias exacerbam as desigualdades que mulheres e meninas já enfrentam. Durante esta crise, mulheres e meninas correm maior risco de violência praticada pelo parceiro e outros tipos de violência doméstica devido ao aumento da tensão em casa. O risco de cortar as asas aumenta. Hoje, mais do que nunca, é necessário desenvolver espaços de fortalecimento e apoio, de acompanhamento às populações femininas vulneráveis, como as que propomos em nosso programa Asas de Mulher.
O vírus da desigualdade está conosco há muitos anos, com suas terríveis consequências. Durante décadas, buscou acabar com essa doença social que limita nossas capacidades de desenvolvimento sustentável. A Agenda 2030, como já apontamos em nosso artigo Agenda ODS 2030, o roteiro para enfrentar a crise não pretende ser uma receita, mas um roteiro viável para a crise, que já tem sido reformulado em várias ocasiões, com algumas recomendações que nos esforçamos para não cumprir. Somos um paciente irresponsável, à beira da extinção.
As vacinas para o vírus Covid-19 provavelmente nos permitirão superar a crise pandêmica de saúde em alguns anos, mas quando poderemos assumir com responsabilidade a cura do vírus da desigualdade e da indiferença?
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