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28 mayo 2020

ODS Agenda 2030: La hoja de ruta, para afrontar la crisis.

Por Florinda Pargas Gabaldón.

La Agenda 2030 sobre el desarrollo sostenible es una hoja de ruta que intenta dar respuesta a los grandes retos para lograr un equilibrio, cierre de brechas y desigualdades, a nivel global. El término “desarrollo sostenible” hace referencia al desarrollo que satisface las necesidades del presente, pero sin comprometer la capacidad y los recursos de las futuras generaciones, para satisfacer las propias.

Bajo esta premisa, el documento consensuado internacionalmente por la Asamblea General de Naciones Unidas, en septiembre del 2015, se articula a partir de 17 Objetivos para el Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) que se interrelacionan entre sí. Hay una serie de retos que cada vez son más urgentes, requieren un enfoque transversal y la participación de todos los actores sociales: Las universidades, las empresas, los gobiernos y la sociedad civil organizada, creando espacios de diálogo, intercambio de ideas y construcción de planes de acción para reactivar y alcanzar estos objetivos.

La pandemia ha desestabilizado el crecimiento económico mundial y ha conducido al planeta a una importante recesión mundial que amenaza la consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. El impacto económico es cada vez más alarmante, de hecho, los diferentes organismos internacionales y expertos económicos en el mundo han estimado una caída en el Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) mundial de 3% a 6% anual, un comportamiento que no se veía desde la crisis de 1929. El Fondo Monetario Internacional calcula una caída de 5.2% en el PIB de América Latina y el Caribe.

Las presiones que la pandemia ejerce sobre el ecosistema mundial están poniendo en riesgo el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS). Sin crecimiento económico los gobiernos tendrán menos recursos para atender la lucha contra la pobreza y contra la desnutrición (ODS 1 y 2), el desempleo aumentará, afectando al Objetivo 8, relacionado con el trabajo decente y crecimiento económico.

El Objetivo 4, educación de calidad, se ve afectado por el cierre de escuelas y universidades, con la precaria conectividad a Internet, que afecta a gran parte de la población mundial dificultando el acceso a soluciones virtuales efectivas. En ese mismo sentido, respecto al acceso a las tecnologías digitales, la región todavía tiene unas brechas considerables, afectando la capacidad que tienen las personas de hacer teletrabajo y seguir produciendo en tiempos de cuarentena, por lo que el Objetivo 10 de reducción de desigualdades también se ve afectado, pues si bien el virus es igual para todos, las condiciones que se tienen para enfrentarlo son muy diferentes dependiendo del estrato económico al que se pertenezca o a su condición de empleo.

El uso del agua para realizar acciones básicas, como el lavado de manos e higiene, también ha generado mayor presión sobre los recursos hídricos creando afectaciones a poblaciones en las que antes se gozaba de continuidad del servicio de aguas y aumentando los riesgos en las poblaciones carentes del líquido, limitando el cumplimiento del Objetivo 6 relacionado a agua limpia y saneamiento. Esta condición de desigualdad que prevalece en nuestras sociedades pone presiones sobre el estado de derecho y existe el riesgo de que la paz social se vea rota afectando el Objetivo 16 relacionado a la paz, justicia e instituciones sólidas.

La igualdad de género, como objetivo se ve muy afectada (ODS 5) y el incremento de la violencia, contra mujeres y niñas, con un repunte de las denuncias de violencia doméstica, producto de la cuarentena obligatoria, ha generado alarma en todos los organismos internacionales.

La pandemia está poniendo presiones en los sistemas de salud (ODS 3), afectando la capacidad de atender a pacientes que tengan otras enfermedades o aumentando el riesgo de complicaciones en poblaciones con estados de salud comprometidos. También afectará los recursos disponibles para invertir en energías verdes y habrá menos proyectos de inversión, desacelerando el cumplimiento de los Objetivos 7 y 13, relacionados con energías no contaminantes y acciones por el clima.

Está en riesgo la capacidad que tenemos como sociedad para cumplir con los ODS en el 2030; lo que en términos prácticos significa que la cohesión social, sostenibilidad y  bienestar de nuestras sociedades está amenazada, no sólo de estancarse sino de empeorar y borrar en unos meses los avances de los últimos años.

De ahí la importancia de que los gobiernos, empresas y ciudadanos empecemos a trabajar de forma conjunta, no sólo en la contención y mitigación de la pandemia, si no en atender los procesos de reconstrucción y rehabilitación con una perspectiva de mediano plazo, enfocada no en apagar incendios, sino en construir, usando datos y evidencias, una sociedad que avance más rápido hacia un crecimiento incluyente y sostenible y consecuentemente hacia una sociedad más resiliente.

El gran reto es fortalecer la cooperación multilateral, la gobernanza y sobre todo la solidaridad mundial. Los ODS pueden ser una brújula en esta tormenta, una carta de navegación e incluso un bote salvavidas para muchos. Cumplir con la promesa de la Agenda 2030, en favor del desarrollo sostenible para revertir la tendencia a la desigualdad, es un compromiso ineludible con el presente y el futuro de la humanidad.

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